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4 aminopyridine  (Tocris)


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    Tocris 4 aminopyridine
    4 Aminopyridine, supplied by Tocris, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 95/100, based on 445 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/4+aminopyridine/4-Aminopyridine/10__1016_slash_j__isci__2026__115793-238-6-9
    Average 95 stars, based on 445 article reviews
    4 aminopyridine - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    95/100 stars

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    Article Title: A spatial single-cell atlas of the claustro-insular region uncovers key regulators of neuronal identity and excitability
    Article Snippet: Kv1-4 Channels were blocked with 4-aminopyridine (1 mM, Tocris), Kv7 channels with XE991 dihydrochloride (20 μM, Alomone Labs), and IRK channels with barium chloride (1 mM, Sigma-Aldrich).

    Article Title: Extracellular acidity and ATP modulate ion currents in human cumulus cells indicating possible roles as metabolic sensors of the follicular microenvironment
    Article Snippet: The blockers used were 5‐(4‐phenoxybutoxy)psoralen (PAP‐1), 4‐aminopyridine (4‐AP, Sigma‐Aldrich, cat. no. A‐0152), 1‐octanol (Sigma‐Aldrich, cat. no. 297887), 5‐nitro‐2‐(3‐phenylpropyl‐amino) benzoic acid (NPPB, Tocris Bioscience, Bio‐Techne, Milan, Italy, cat. no. 0593), tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA, Sigma‐Aldrich, T2265), 5,7‐dimethoxy‐2‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)chromen‐4‐one (trimethylapigenin, TMA, Alomone Labs, Jerusalem, Israel, cat. no. T‐145) and BaCl 2 (Carlo Erba, Milan, Italy, cat. no. 321757), at concentrations of 10 μM (Gubič et al., ; Schmitz et al., ), 1 mM (Catacuzzeno et al., ), 2 mM (Fioretti et al., ), 100 μM (Fioretti et al., ), 2 mM (Catacuzzeno et al., ), 200 μM and 600 μM, respectively, chosen according to the available literature and to the manufacturer's indications for what concerns TMA ( www.alomone.com ).

    Article Title: Inhibitory regulation of glutamate release from rat cortical nerve terminals by thymoquinone.
    Article Snippet: Thymoquinone (TQ), a natural compound derived from the oil of Nigella sativa seeds, has demonstrated neuroprotective properties.. This study investigated the effects of TQ on glutamate release from rat cortical synaptosomes and explored the underlying mechanisms.. TQ inhibited 4-aminopyridine (4-AP)-evoked glutamate release in a concentration-dependent manner, with an estimated IC50 of 8.1 μM.

    Article Title: Bidirectional regulation of social memory by two distinct types of GABAergic neurons in the lateral septum.
    Article Snippet: Light (2 ms)-evoked IPSCs were recorded in the presence of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, 50 μM; #0940, Tocris) and tetrodotoxin (TTX, 1 μM; #1078, Tocris).

    Article Title: Butein suppresses depolarization-evoked glutamate release by modulating P/Q-type Ca 2+ channels and protein kinase C pathway in rat cortical synaptosomes.
    Article Snippet: This study examined the effects of butein, a natural chalcone, on glutamate release from rat cortical synaptosomes and elucidated the underlying mechanisms.. Using 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) to evoke glutamate releases, we found that butein inhibited evoked glutamate release in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 = 11.4 μM) without altering basal release.. The inhibition required extracellular Ca2+, as it was prevented under Ca2+-free conditions.

    Transferring:

    Article Title: The calcium-binding protein S100β regulates synaptic plasticity in the visual cortex
    Article Snippet: .. Other pharmacological agents were bath-321 applied: 4-Aminopyridine (100 μM, Tocris #0940), Suramin (100 μM, Tocris #1472), and L701,324 (100 μM, Tocris 322 #0907), DPCPX (3 μM, Tocris #0439) and SCH-58261 (1 μM, Tocris #2270) were bath applied, and antibody against 323 Kv 4.2 (1 μg/mL, Alomone labs #APC-023) were used in the recoding pipette as described in Lee et al., 2023. ..

    Blocking Assay:

    Article Title: Psilocybin triggers an activity-dependent rewiring of large-scale cortical networks.
    Article Snippet: .. In some experiments, 1 μM tetrodotoxin (TTX, #1078/1, Tocris Bioscience) and 100 μM 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, #0940/ 100, Tocris Bioscience) were applied to block action potentials and restore synaptic release by enhancing terminal depolarization, respectively. ..

    Article Title: Psilocybin triggers an activity-dependent rewiring of large-scale cortical networks
    Article Snippet: .. In some experiments, 1 μM tetrodotoxin (TTX, #1078/1, Tocris Bioscience) and 100 μM 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, #0940/100, Tocris Bioscience) were applied to block action potentials and restore synaptic release by enhancing terminal depolarization, respectively. ..



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    (A, K) Recording configurations for pathway-isolated synaptic measurements in the dorsolateral striatum of TRAP2::Ai14 mice. Opsin-expressing axon terminals from M2 (A) or PF (K) were activated by blue light (473 nm) while whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were obtained from neighboring tdTomato + TRAPed and tdTomato − non-TRAPed neurons. (B, C, L, M) M2-(B) or PF-evoked (L) paired-pulse oEPSCs and summary of paired-pulse ratio (PPR; 50 ms inter-stimulus interval; second/first peak amplitude) (C, M). (C) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 19, N = 8; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 8. ** p = 0.0011. (M) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 31, N = 8 mice; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 8. * p = 0.0373. Two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (D, E, N, O) Representative M2-(D) or PF-evoked (E) AMPAR- and NMDAR-mediated currents and summary of AMPA/NMDA ratio (E, O). AMPAR component was measured as the oEPSC peak at −70 mV; NMDAR component was measured at +40 mV at 50 ms after stimulation. (E) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 9; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 9. * p = 0.0329; Mann-Whitney U test. (O) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 30, N = 10; TRAPed, n = 26, N = 10. ns, p = 0.7772; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (F, G, P, Q) Representative M2-(F) or PF-evoked (P) oEPSCs (−70 mV) and oIPSCs (0 mV) and evoked excitation/inhibition ratio (E/I; oEPSC peak/oIPSC peak) (Q, Q). (G) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 23, N = 7; TRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. ns, p = 0.066; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (Q) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 23, N = 8; TRAPed, n = 21, N = 8. * p = 0.0216; Mann-Whitney U test. (H, R) Response delay (onset latency from stimulation) for M2-(H) or PF-evoked (R) oEPSCs and oIPSCs recorded in the same cells. (H) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. **** p < 0.0001; two-tailed paired Student’s t test. TRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. **** p < 0.0001; Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. (R) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 8, **** p < 0.0001; TRAPed, n = 20 cells, N = 8 mice. Two-tailed paired Student’s t test. (I, S) Pharmacological test of <t>the</t> <t>inhibitory</t> component evoked by M2 (I) or PF (S) stimulation. oIPSCs were measured in ACSF, after <t>TTX</t> (1 μM), and after TTX + 4-AP (200 μM). Left, group data; right, example traces. (I) M2, n = 8 (non-TRAPed = 4, TRAPed = 4), N = 2. ASCF vs. TTX, ** p = 0.0029; TTX vs. TTX + 4-AP, ns, p = 0.4838. One-way RM ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (S) PF, n = 13 (non-TRAPed = 7, TRAPed = 6), N = 3. ASCF vs. TTX, ** p = 0.0064; TTX vs. TTX + 4-AP, ns, p = 0.7433. One-way RM ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (J, T) Response probability (percentage of recorded cells exhibiting detectable oEPSCs or oIPSCs) during M2 (J) or PF (T) terminal stimulation. (J) M2, oEPSC, N = 9, ** p = 0.0046; oIPSC, N = 9; * p = 0.017. Fisher’s exact test. (T) PF, oEPSC, N = 10, ns, p > 0.9999; oIPSC, N = 10; ns, p = 0.6191. Fisher’s exact test. n , cells; N , animals. Data are as mean ± SEM.
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    suramin tocris bioscience  (Tocris)
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    Suramin Tocris Bioscience, supplied by Tocris, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 95/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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    suramin  (Tocris)
    95
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    (A, K) Recording configurations for pathway-isolated synaptic measurements in the dorsolateral striatum of TRAP2::Ai14 mice. Opsin-expressing axon terminals from M2 (A) or PF (K) were activated by blue light (473 nm) while whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were obtained from neighboring tdTomato + TRAPed and tdTomato − non-TRAPed neurons. (B, C, L, M) M2-(B) or PF-evoked (L) paired-pulse oEPSCs and summary of paired-pulse ratio (PPR; 50 ms inter-stimulus interval; second/first peak amplitude) (C, M). (C) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 19, N = 8; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 8. ** p = 0.0011. (M) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 31, N = 8 mice; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 8. * p = 0.0373. Two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (D, E, N, O) Representative M2-(D) or PF-evoked (E) AMPAR- and NMDAR-mediated currents and summary of AMPA/NMDA ratio (E, O). AMPAR component was measured as the oEPSC peak at −70 mV; NMDAR component was measured at +40 mV at 50 ms after stimulation. (E) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 9; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 9. * p = 0.0329; Mann-Whitney U test. (O) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 30, N = 10; TRAPed, n = 26, N = 10. ns, p = 0.7772; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (F, G, P, Q) Representative M2-(F) or PF-evoked (P) oEPSCs (−70 mV) and oIPSCs (0 mV) and evoked excitation/inhibition ratio (E/I; oEPSC peak/oIPSC peak) (Q, Q). (G) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 23, N = 7; TRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. ns, p = 0.066; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (Q) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 23, N = 8; TRAPed, n = 21, N = 8. * p = 0.0216; Mann-Whitney U test. (H, R) Response delay (onset latency from stimulation) for M2-(H) or PF-evoked (R) oEPSCs and oIPSCs recorded in the same cells. (H) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. **** p < 0.0001; two-tailed paired Student’s t test. TRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. **** p < 0.0001; Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. (R) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 8, **** p < 0.0001; TRAPed, n = 20 cells, N = 8 mice. Two-tailed paired Student’s t test. (I, S) Pharmacological test of <t>the</t> <t>inhibitory</t> component evoked by M2 (I) or PF (S) stimulation. oIPSCs were measured in ACSF, after <t>TTX</t> (1 μM), and after TTX + 4-AP (200 μM). Left, group data; right, example traces. (I) M2, n = 8 (non-TRAPed = 4, TRAPed = 4), N = 2. ASCF vs. TTX, ** p = 0.0029; TTX vs. TTX + 4-AP, ns, p = 0.4838. One-way RM ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (S) PF, n = 13 (non-TRAPed = 7, TRAPed = 6), N = 3. ASCF vs. TTX, ** p = 0.0064; TTX vs. TTX + 4-AP, ns, p = 0.7433. One-way RM ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (J, T) Response probability (percentage of recorded cells exhibiting detectable oEPSCs or oIPSCs) during M2 (J) or PF (T) terminal stimulation. (J) M2, oEPSC, N = 9, ** p = 0.0046; oIPSC, N = 9; * p = 0.017. Fisher’s exact test. (T) PF, oEPSC, N = 10, ns, p > 0.9999; oIPSC, N = 10; ns, p = 0.6191. Fisher’s exact test. n , cells; N , animals. Data are as mean ± SEM.
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    (A, K) Recording configurations for pathway-isolated synaptic measurements in the dorsolateral striatum of TRAP2::Ai14 mice. Opsin-expressing axon terminals from M2 (A) or PF (K) were activated by blue light (473 nm) while whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were obtained from neighboring tdTomato + TRAPed and tdTomato − non-TRAPed neurons. (B, C, L, M) M2-(B) or PF-evoked (L) paired-pulse oEPSCs and summary of paired-pulse ratio (PPR; 50 ms inter-stimulus interval; second/first peak amplitude) (C, M). (C) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 19, N = 8; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 8. ** p = 0.0011. (M) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 31, N = 8 mice; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 8. * p = 0.0373. Two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (D, E, N, O) Representative M2-(D) or PF-evoked (E) AMPAR- and NMDAR-mediated currents and summary of AMPA/NMDA ratio (E, O). AMPAR component was measured as the oEPSC peak at −70 mV; NMDAR component was measured at +40 mV at 50 ms after stimulation. (E) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 9; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 9. * p = 0.0329; Mann-Whitney U test. (O) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 30, N = 10; TRAPed, n = 26, N = 10. ns, p = 0.7772; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (F, G, P, Q) Representative M2-(F) or PF-evoked (P) oEPSCs (−70 mV) and oIPSCs (0 mV) and evoked excitation/inhibition ratio (E/I; oEPSC peak/oIPSC peak) (Q, Q). (G) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 23, N = 7; TRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. ns, p = 0.066; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (Q) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 23, N = 8; TRAPed, n = 21, N = 8. * p = 0.0216; Mann-Whitney U test. (H, R) Response delay (onset latency from stimulation) for M2-(H) or PF-evoked (R) oEPSCs and oIPSCs recorded in the same cells. (H) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. **** p < 0.0001; two-tailed paired Student’s t test. TRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. **** p < 0.0001; Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. (R) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 8, **** p < 0.0001; TRAPed, n = 20 cells, N = 8 mice. Two-tailed paired Student’s t test. (I, S) Pharmacological test of <t>the</t> <t>inhibitory</t> component evoked by M2 (I) or PF (S) stimulation. oIPSCs were measured in ACSF, after <t>TTX</t> (1 μM), and after TTX + 4-AP (200 μM). Left, group data; right, example traces. (I) M2, n = 8 (non-TRAPed = 4, TRAPed = 4), N = 2. ASCF vs. TTX, ** p = 0.0029; TTX vs. TTX + 4-AP, ns, p = 0.4838. One-way RM ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (S) PF, n = 13 (non-TRAPed = 7, TRAPed = 6), N = 3. ASCF vs. TTX, ** p = 0.0064; TTX vs. TTX + 4-AP, ns, p = 0.7433. One-way RM ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (J, T) Response probability (percentage of recorded cells exhibiting detectable oEPSCs or oIPSCs) during M2 (J) or PF (T) terminal stimulation. (J) M2, oEPSC, N = 9, ** p = 0.0046; oIPSC, N = 9; * p = 0.017. Fisher’s exact test. (T) PF, oEPSC, N = 10, ns, p > 0.9999; oIPSC, N = 10; ns, p = 0.6191. Fisher’s exact test. n , cells; N , animals. Data are as mean ± SEM.
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    (A, K) Recording configurations for pathway-isolated synaptic measurements in the dorsolateral striatum of TRAP2::Ai14 mice. Opsin-expressing axon terminals from M2 (A) or PF (K) were activated by blue light (473 nm) while whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were obtained from neighboring tdTomato + TRAPed and tdTomato − non-TRAPed neurons. (B, C, L, M) M2-(B) or PF-evoked (L) paired-pulse oEPSCs and summary of paired-pulse ratio (PPR; 50 ms inter-stimulus interval; second/first peak amplitude) (C, M). (C) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 19, N = 8; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 8. ** p = 0.0011. (M) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 31, N = 8 mice; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 8. * p = 0.0373. Two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (D, E, N, O) Representative M2-(D) or PF-evoked (E) AMPAR- and NMDAR-mediated currents and summary of AMPA/NMDA ratio (E, O). AMPAR component was measured as the oEPSC peak at −70 mV; NMDAR component was measured at +40 mV at 50 ms after stimulation. (E) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 9; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 9. * p = 0.0329; Mann-Whitney U test. (O) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 30, N = 10; TRAPed, n = 26, N = 10. ns, p = 0.7772; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (F, G, P, Q) Representative M2-(F) or PF-evoked (P) oEPSCs (−70 mV) and oIPSCs (0 mV) and evoked excitation/inhibition ratio (E/I; oEPSC peak/oIPSC peak) (Q, Q). (G) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 23, N = 7; TRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. ns, p = 0.066; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (Q) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 23, N = 8; TRAPed, n = 21, N = 8. * p = 0.0216; Mann-Whitney U test. (H, R) Response delay (onset latency from stimulation) for M2-(H) or PF-evoked (R) oEPSCs and oIPSCs recorded in the same cells. (H) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. **** p < 0.0001; two-tailed paired Student’s t test. TRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. **** p < 0.0001; Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. (R) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 8, **** p < 0.0001; TRAPed, n = 20 cells, N = 8 mice. Two-tailed paired Student’s t test. (I, S) Pharmacological test of <t>the</t> <t>inhibitory</t> component evoked by M2 (I) or PF (S) stimulation. oIPSCs were measured in ACSF, after <t>TTX</t> (1 μM), and after TTX + 4-AP (200 μM). Left, group data; right, example traces. (I) M2, n = 8 (non-TRAPed = 4, TRAPed = 4), N = 2. ASCF vs. TTX, ** p = 0.0029; TTX vs. TTX + 4-AP, ns, p = 0.4838. One-way RM ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (S) PF, n = 13 (non-TRAPed = 7, TRAPed = 6), N = 3. ASCF vs. TTX, ** p = 0.0064; TTX vs. TTX + 4-AP, ns, p = 0.7433. One-way RM ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (J, T) Response probability (percentage of recorded cells exhibiting detectable oEPSCs or oIPSCs) during M2 (J) or PF (T) terminal stimulation. (J) M2, oEPSC, N = 9, ** p = 0.0046; oIPSC, N = 9; * p = 0.017. Fisher’s exact test. (T) PF, oEPSC, N = 10, ns, p > 0.9999; oIPSC, N = 10; ns, p = 0.6191. Fisher’s exact test. n , cells; N , animals. Data are as mean ± SEM.
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    (A, K) Recording configurations for pathway-isolated synaptic measurements in the dorsolateral striatum of TRAP2::Ai14 mice. Opsin-expressing axon terminals from M2 (A) or PF (K) were activated by blue light (473 nm) while whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were obtained from neighboring tdTomato + TRAPed and tdTomato − non-TRAPed neurons. (B, C, L, M) M2-(B) or PF-evoked (L) paired-pulse oEPSCs and summary of paired-pulse ratio (PPR; 50 ms inter-stimulus interval; second/first peak amplitude) (C, M). (C) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 19, N = 8; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 8. ** p = 0.0011. (M) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 31, N = 8 mice; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 8. * p = 0.0373. Two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (D, E, N, O) Representative M2-(D) or PF-evoked (E) AMPAR- and NMDAR-mediated currents and summary of AMPA/NMDA ratio (E, O). AMPAR component was measured as the oEPSC peak at −70 mV; NMDAR component was measured at +40 mV at 50 ms after stimulation. (E) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 9; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 9. * p = 0.0329; Mann-Whitney U test. (O) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 30, N = 10; TRAPed, n = 26, N = 10. ns, p = 0.7772; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (F, G, P, Q) Representative M2-(F) or PF-evoked (P) oEPSCs (−70 mV) and oIPSCs (0 mV) and evoked excitation/inhibition ratio (E/I; oEPSC peak/oIPSC peak) (Q, Q). (G) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 23, N = 7; TRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. ns, p = 0.066; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (Q) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 23, N = 8; TRAPed, n = 21, N = 8. * p = 0.0216; Mann-Whitney U test. (H, R) Response delay (onset latency from stimulation) for M2-(H) or PF-evoked (R) oEPSCs and oIPSCs recorded in the same cells. (H) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. **** p < 0.0001; two-tailed paired Student’s t test. TRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. **** p < 0.0001; Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. (R) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 8, **** p < 0.0001; TRAPed, n = 20 cells, N = 8 mice. Two-tailed paired Student’s t test. (I, S) Pharmacological test of <t>the</t> <t>inhibitory</t> component evoked by M2 (I) or PF (S) stimulation. oIPSCs were measured in ACSF, after <t>TTX</t> (1 μM), and after TTX + 4-AP (200 μM). Left, group data; right, example traces. (I) M2, n = 8 (non-TRAPed = 4, TRAPed = 4), N = 2. ASCF vs. TTX, ** p = 0.0029; TTX vs. TTX + 4-AP, ns, p = 0.4838. One-way RM ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (S) PF, n = 13 (non-TRAPed = 7, TRAPed = 6), N = 3. ASCF vs. TTX, ** p = 0.0064; TTX vs. TTX + 4-AP, ns, p = 0.7433. One-way RM ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (J, T) Response probability (percentage of recorded cells exhibiting detectable oEPSCs or oIPSCs) during M2 (J) or PF (T) terminal stimulation. (J) M2, oEPSC, N = 9, ** p = 0.0046; oIPSC, N = 9; * p = 0.017. Fisher’s exact test. (T) PF, oEPSC, N = 10, ns, p > 0.9999; oIPSC, N = 10; ns, p = 0.6191. Fisher’s exact test. n , cells; N , animals. Data are as mean ± SEM.
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    (A, K) Recording configurations for pathway-isolated synaptic measurements in the dorsolateral striatum of TRAP2::Ai14 mice. Opsin-expressing axon terminals from M2 (A) or PF (K) were activated by blue light (473 nm) while whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were obtained from neighboring tdTomato + TRAPed and tdTomato − non-TRAPed neurons. (B, C, L, M) M2-(B) or PF-evoked (L) paired-pulse oEPSCs and summary of paired-pulse ratio (PPR; 50 ms inter-stimulus interval; second/first peak amplitude) (C, M). (C) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 19, N = 8; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 8. ** p = 0.0011. (M) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 31, N = 8 mice; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 8. * p = 0.0373. Two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (D, E, N, O) Representative M2-(D) or PF-evoked (E) AMPAR- and NMDAR-mediated currents and summary of AMPA/NMDA ratio (E, O). AMPAR component was measured as the oEPSC peak at −70 mV; NMDAR component was measured at +40 mV at 50 ms after stimulation. (E) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 9; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 9. * p = 0.0329; Mann-Whitney U test. (O) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 30, N = 10; TRAPed, n = 26, N = 10. ns, p = 0.7772; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (F, G, P, Q) Representative M2-(F) or PF-evoked (P) oEPSCs (−70 mV) and oIPSCs (0 mV) and evoked excitation/inhibition ratio (E/I; oEPSC peak/oIPSC peak) (Q, Q). (G) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 23, N = 7; TRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. ns, p = 0.066; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (Q) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 23, N = 8; TRAPed, n = 21, N = 8. * p = 0.0216; Mann-Whitney U test. (H, R) Response delay (onset latency from stimulation) for M2-(H) or PF-evoked (R) oEPSCs and oIPSCs recorded in the same cells. (H) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. **** p < 0.0001; two-tailed paired Student’s t test. TRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. **** p < 0.0001; Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. (R) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 8, **** p < 0.0001; TRAPed, n = 20 cells, N = 8 mice. Two-tailed paired Student’s t test. (I, S) Pharmacological test of <t>the</t> <t>inhibitory</t> component evoked by M2 (I) or PF (S) stimulation. oIPSCs were measured in ACSF, after <t>TTX</t> (1 μM), and after TTX + 4-AP (200 μM). Left, group data; right, example traces. (I) M2, n = 8 (non-TRAPed = 4, TRAPed = 4), N = 2. ASCF vs. TTX, ** p = 0.0029; TTX vs. TTX + 4-AP, ns, p = 0.4838. One-way RM ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (S) PF, n = 13 (non-TRAPed = 7, TRAPed = 6), N = 3. ASCF vs. TTX, ** p = 0.0064; TTX vs. TTX + 4-AP, ns, p = 0.7433. One-way RM ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (J, T) Response probability (percentage of recorded cells exhibiting detectable oEPSCs or oIPSCs) during M2 (J) or PF (T) terminal stimulation. (J) M2, oEPSC, N = 9, ** p = 0.0046; oIPSC, N = 9; * p = 0.017. Fisher’s exact test. (T) PF, oEPSC, N = 10, ns, p > 0.9999; oIPSC, N = 10; ns, p = 0.6191. Fisher’s exact test. n , cells; N , animals. Data are as mean ± SEM.
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    (A, K) Recording configurations for pathway-isolated synaptic measurements in the dorsolateral striatum of TRAP2::Ai14 mice. Opsin-expressing axon terminals from M2 (A) or PF (K) were activated by blue light (473 nm) while whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were obtained from neighboring tdTomato + TRAPed and tdTomato − non-TRAPed neurons. (B, C, L, M) M2-(B) or PF-evoked (L) paired-pulse oEPSCs and summary of paired-pulse ratio (PPR; 50 ms inter-stimulus interval; second/first peak amplitude) (C, M). (C) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 19, N = 8; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 8. ** p = 0.0011. (M) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 31, N = 8 mice; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 8. * p = 0.0373. Two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (D, E, N, O) Representative M2-(D) or PF-evoked (E) AMPAR- and NMDAR-mediated currents and summary of AMPA/NMDA ratio (E, O). AMPAR component was measured as the oEPSC peak at −70 mV; NMDAR component was measured at +40 mV at 50 ms after stimulation. (E) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 9; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 9. * p = 0.0329; Mann-Whitney U test. (O) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 30, N = 10; TRAPed, n = 26, N = 10. ns, p = 0.7772; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (F, G, P, Q) Representative M2-(F) or PF-evoked (P) oEPSCs (−70 mV) and oIPSCs (0 mV) and evoked excitation/inhibition ratio (E/I; oEPSC peak/oIPSC peak) (Q, Q). (G) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 23, N = 7; TRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. ns, p = 0.066; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (Q) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 23, N = 8; TRAPed, n = 21, N = 8. * p = 0.0216; Mann-Whitney U test. (H, R) Response delay (onset latency from stimulation) for M2-(H) or PF-evoked (R) oEPSCs and oIPSCs recorded in the same cells. (H) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. **** p < 0.0001; two-tailed paired Student’s t test. TRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. **** p < 0.0001; Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. (R) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 8, **** p < 0.0001; TRAPed, n = 20 cells, N = 8 mice. Two-tailed paired Student’s t test. (I, S) Pharmacological test of the inhibitory component evoked by M2 (I) or PF (S) stimulation. oIPSCs were measured in ACSF, after TTX (1 μM), and after TTX + 4-AP (200 μM). Left, group data; right, example traces. (I) M2, n = 8 (non-TRAPed = 4, TRAPed = 4), N = 2. ASCF vs. TTX, ** p = 0.0029; TTX vs. TTX + 4-AP, ns, p = 0.4838. One-way RM ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (S) PF, n = 13 (non-TRAPed = 7, TRAPed = 6), N = 3. ASCF vs. TTX, ** p = 0.0064; TTX vs. TTX + 4-AP, ns, p = 0.7433. One-way RM ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (J, T) Response probability (percentage of recorded cells exhibiting detectable oEPSCs or oIPSCs) during M2 (J) or PF (T) terminal stimulation. (J) M2, oEPSC, N = 9, ** p = 0.0046; oIPSC, N = 9; * p = 0.017. Fisher’s exact test. (T) PF, oEPSC, N = 10, ns, p > 0.9999; oIPSC, N = 10; ns, p = 0.6191. Fisher’s exact test. n , cells; N , animals. Data are as mean ± SEM.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: A thalamostriatal brake counteracts cortical recruitment of striatal ensembles in levodopa-induced dyskinesia

    doi: 10.64898/2026.07.22.740223

    Figure Lengend Snippet: (A, K) Recording configurations for pathway-isolated synaptic measurements in the dorsolateral striatum of TRAP2::Ai14 mice. Opsin-expressing axon terminals from M2 (A) or PF (K) were activated by blue light (473 nm) while whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were obtained from neighboring tdTomato + TRAPed and tdTomato − non-TRAPed neurons. (B, C, L, M) M2-(B) or PF-evoked (L) paired-pulse oEPSCs and summary of paired-pulse ratio (PPR; 50 ms inter-stimulus interval; second/first peak amplitude) (C, M). (C) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 19, N = 8; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 8. ** p = 0.0011. (M) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 31, N = 8 mice; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 8. * p = 0.0373. Two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (D, E, N, O) Representative M2-(D) or PF-evoked (E) AMPAR- and NMDAR-mediated currents and summary of AMPA/NMDA ratio (E, O). AMPAR component was measured as the oEPSC peak at −70 mV; NMDAR component was measured at +40 mV at 50 ms after stimulation. (E) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 9; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 9. * p = 0.0329; Mann-Whitney U test. (O) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 30, N = 10; TRAPed, n = 26, N = 10. ns, p = 0.7772; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (F, G, P, Q) Representative M2-(F) or PF-evoked (P) oEPSCs (−70 mV) and oIPSCs (0 mV) and evoked excitation/inhibition ratio (E/I; oEPSC peak/oIPSC peak) (Q, Q). (G) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 23, N = 7; TRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. ns, p = 0.066; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (Q) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 23, N = 8; TRAPed, n = 21, N = 8. * p = 0.0216; Mann-Whitney U test. (H, R) Response delay (onset latency from stimulation) for M2-(H) or PF-evoked (R) oEPSCs and oIPSCs recorded in the same cells. (H) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. **** p < 0.0001; two-tailed paired Student’s t test. TRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. **** p < 0.0001; Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. (R) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 8, **** p < 0.0001; TRAPed, n = 20 cells, N = 8 mice. Two-tailed paired Student’s t test. (I, S) Pharmacological test of the inhibitory component evoked by M2 (I) or PF (S) stimulation. oIPSCs were measured in ACSF, after TTX (1 μM), and after TTX + 4-AP (200 μM). Left, group data; right, example traces. (I) M2, n = 8 (non-TRAPed = 4, TRAPed = 4), N = 2. ASCF vs. TTX, ** p = 0.0029; TTX vs. TTX + 4-AP, ns, p = 0.4838. One-way RM ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (S) PF, n = 13 (non-TRAPed = 7, TRAPed = 6), N = 3. ASCF vs. TTX, ** p = 0.0064; TTX vs. TTX + 4-AP, ns, p = 0.7433. One-way RM ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (J, T) Response probability (percentage of recorded cells exhibiting detectable oEPSCs or oIPSCs) during M2 (J) or PF (T) terminal stimulation. (J) M2, oEPSC, N = 9, ** p = 0.0046; oIPSC, N = 9; * p = 0.017. Fisher’s exact test. (T) PF, oEPSC, N = 10, ns, p > 0.9999; oIPSC, N = 10; ns, p = 0.6191. Fisher’s exact test. n , cells; N , animals. Data are as mean ± SEM.

    Article Snippet: To test for polysynaptic inhibitory routing, TTX (1 μM; TETRODOTOXIN, China) was bath applied to block action potential–dependent transmission, followed by co-application of TTX and 4-AP (200 μM; Cat#HY-B0604, MedChemExpress, USA). oIPSC amplitudes were quantified after ≥ 10 min wash-in per condition; currents abolished by TTX and not restored by TTX plus 4-AP were interpreted as arising from multi-neuron circuitry rather than monosynaptic release.

    Techniques: Isolation, Expressing, Two Tailed Test, MANN-WHITNEY, Inhibition